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The Mint Scale: A Fresh Validation of the Multimodal Interoception Questionnaire and Comparison to the MAIA, BPQ and IAS

Makowski, D., Neves, A., Benn, E. L., Bennett, M., & Poerio, G.

2025 · Preprint

Existing interoception questionnaires disagree with one another about what they measure. The Multimodal Interoception Questionnaire (Mint) was built from a modality-by-context item pool and reduced by psychometric network analysis across two samples (N=559 and N=737), yielding 33 items in three metaclusters and 11 facets. It outperformed the MAIA-2, BPQ and IAS at predicting alexithymia, ADHD, autism and somatic symptom clusters.

Abstract

Interoception, the sensing of the body's internal state, is an important component of homeostatic and allostatic regulation with wide-ranging implications for mental and physical health, yet its measurement is hindered by tools with conceptual and psychometric issues. To address these limitations, we developed and validated the Multimodal Interoception Questionnaire (Mint). In Study 1 (N=559), a comprehensive item pool using a novel "modality-by-context" framework was generated and then reduced using psychometric network analysis. In Study 2 (N=737), we validated the Mint in an independent sample, establishing its structure, comparing its predictive power against established interoception questionnaires (MAIA-2, BPQ, IAS), and across a wide range of clinical and cognitive outcomes. This rigorous process yielded a 33-item scale with a stable hierarchical structure comprising three metaclusters (Interoceptive Deficit, Interoceptive Awareness, Visceroception) and 11 distinct facets. The Mint demonstrated superior criterion validity, consistently outperforming existing scales in predicting outcomes tied to altered bodily perception, including alexithymia, ADHD, autism, and somatic symptom clusters. The Mint offers a psychometrically robust and nuanced measure of self-reported interoception that integrates and extends existing scales, providing researchers and clinicians with a practical and readily usable tool to investigate the role of bodily sensations in health and disease.

• DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/8qrht_v1

Keywords: Interoception · Psychometrics

Cite

Makowski, D., Neves, A., Benn, E. L., Bennett, M., & Poerio, G. (2025). The Mint Scale: A Fresh Validation of the Multimodal Interoception Questionnaire and Comparison to the MAIA, BPQ and IAS. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8qrht_v1

See also

• Mega-analysis of the Interoceptive Accuracy Scale (IAS) Structure and its Dispositional Correlates — Neves, A., Pfaff, M., Scharte, R. E., Nogueira-Arjona, R., Poerio, G., & Makowski, D. (2026)
• Measuring Depression and Anxiety With 4 Items? Adaptation of the PHQ-4 to Increase Its Sensitivity to Subclinical Variability — Makowski, D., Te, A. S., Neves, A., & Chen, S. A. (2025)
• The heart can lie: a preliminary investigation of the role of interoception and theory of mind in deception — Makowski, D., Lau, Z. J., Pham, T., Te, A. S., Kirk, S., Liauw, C., & Chen, S. H. A. (2024)